The Stoic Bookshelf

A reading list for those wanting to dive deeper into Stoicism. 

The Essential Originals

1. Meditations by Marcus Aurelius

2. Letters of a Stoic by Seneca

3. Discourses and Selected Writings by Epictetus

More Marcus Aurelius

4. Marcus Aurelius: A Biography by Anthony Birley

5. How to Think Like a Roman Emperor by Donald Robertson 

More Seneca 

6. On the Shortness of Life by Seneca

7. Dialogues and Essays by Seneca

8. On The Happy Life by Seneca

9. The Tao of Seneca by Tim Ferris

More Epictetus

10. The Art of Living by Epictetus 

11. Courage Under Fire by James Stockdale 

Modern Books 

12. The Daily Stoic by Ryan Holiday

13. Ego is The Enemy by Ryan Holiday

15. The Obstacle is The Way by Ryan Holiday

16. Stoicism and The Art of Happiness by Donald Robertson

17. The Philosophy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy by Donald Robertson

18. A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy by William B. Irvine

19. A Field Guide to a Happy Life: 53 Brief Lessons for Living by Massimo Pigliucci

20. How to Be a Stoic: Using Ancient Philosophy to Live a Modern Life by Massimo Pigliucci

 

 

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Watch YouTube Short

Can Rotors Be Balanced?

Balancing is performed for technically sound mechanisms securely fixed in their designated positions. Otherwise, the mechanism must be repaired, installed in proper bearings, and securely fixed before balancing. The rotor of the mechanism must be cleaned of contaminants that hinder the balancing process.


Prior to measurements, locations for installation are selected, and vibration and phase sensors are installed according to the recommendations provided.


Before balancing, it is recommended to conduct measurements using a vibrometer.


If the total vibration value V1s(V2s) approximately matches the rotational component value V1o(V2o), it can be assumed that rotor imbalance contributes significantly to the mechanism’s vibration. If the total vibration value V1s(V2s) significantly exceeds the rotational component value V1o(V2o), a mechanism inspection is recommended – checking the bearing condition, foundation mounting reliability, rotor clearance from stationary parts during rotation, and the impact of other mechanisms’ vibrations, etc. It may be useful to study time function and vibration spectrum graphs obtained during “Graphs-Spectral Analysis” mode.


Before balancing using the device, it is advisable to ensure the absence of significant static imbalance. For horizontally axis-mounted rotors, manually rotate the rotor 90 degrees from its current position. If the rotor is statically unbalanced, it will rotate to the equilibrium position. Once the rotor reaches equilibrium, place a balancing weight at the top approximately in the middle of the rotor’s length. The weight should be adjusted so that the rotor remains stationary in any position. This preliminary balancing helps reduce vibration levels during initial startups of highly unbalanced rotors.


Rotor balancing in one and two correction planes:


The number of balancing planes is determined based on the rotor’s design features of the machine being balanced. Balancing in one plane (“static”) is usually done for narrow disc-shaped rotors without significant axial runout. Typical examples of rotors in this class include narrow grinding wheels, belt pulleys, disc flywheels, gear wheels, clamping chucks of lathes, narrow fans, etc.


Balancing in two planes (“dynamic”) is carried out for long (shaft-like) two-bearing rotors. Typical examples of rotors in this class include electric motor and generator rotors, compressor and pump rotors, turbine and fan impellers, wide grinding wheels, spindles, shafts of flour milling machines with arms, etc.


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Phase angle sensor (laser tachometer) – 1 piece;
Measuring unit (Balanset device) – 1 piece;
Magnetic stand – 1 piece;
Electronic scales – 1 piece;
Transportation case – 1 piece;
Software on a flash drive – 1 piece;

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Jeremyoffew

static balancing

Static balancing is a crucial procedure employed in various industries to ensure the optimal performance of rotating machinery. It is distinctly different from dynamic balancing, a term that often confuses many. Let’s explore the concept of static balancing, highlighting its importance, methodology, and applications, while providing insights that are beneficial for those seeking to understand or implement this technique.

Static balancing can be defined as the process of ensuring that a rotor is perfectly balanced when it is at rest. In simpler terms, if a rotor is unevenly weighted, it may have a “heavy point,” causing it to rotate towards that point, regardless of its orientation. Imagine a seesaw that tips to one side; the side with greater weight will always go down when at rest. This scenario exemplifies static unbalance – a condition that necessitates corrective measures to eliminate the imbalance.

To comprehend static balancing effectively, one must recognize its fundamental mechanism. The core principle is to align the rotor’s center of gravity with its axis of rotation. When a rotor exhibits static imbalance, it compels the rotor to settle in such a way that the heaviest part points downwards. By adding or removing mass in specific locations on the rotor’s surface, engineers can remedy this imbalance, ensuring that it rotates evenly without undue vibrations when it starts moving.

The methodology behind static balancing involves several steps. First, an initial vibration measurement is taken, assessing how the rotor behaves under stationary conditions. Special tools can identify the “heavy point,” which signifies where corrective actions need to be taken. This measurement forms the basis for further adjustments.

After identifying the imbalance, corrective weights must be strategically added or removed. This step is critical as it directly affects how well-balanced the rotor will be in practice. For instance, if the mass is unevenly distributed in a narrow, disk-shaped rotor, static balancing becomes essential, as it eliminates discrepancies in mass distribution across the rotor.

Once the necessary adjustments are made, the rotor is then tested again to ensure that the modifications have successfully neutralized the static imbalance. This testing phase is crucial; if vibrations are still detected, further refinements may be needed.

Static balancing is particularly significant for rotors used in industries like manufacturing, agricultural machinery, and aerospace. For example, agricultural equipment such as mulchers or fans often requires static balancing to function effectively. In these settings, any degree of imbalance can lead to operational inefficiencies, reduced lifespan of the machinery, and potentially hazardous situations if vibrations escalate. Ensuring that these machines are statically balanced not only enhances performance but also safeguards the investment made in such equipment.

An additional aspect of static balancing is its application in dynamic balancing procedures. While static balancing focuses on a rotor that is stationary, dynamic balancing pertains to how a rotor behaves once it starts to move. In some machines, achieving static balance is the first crucial step, followed by dynamic balancing to ensure stability during operation.

Static balance procedures can sometimes involve advanced machinery and techniques. Devices such as portable balancers, vibration analyzers, and various measurement tools play a vital role in facilitating precise evaluations and adjustments. For instance, advanced balancing systems can employ vibration sensors that supply real-time data, helping technicians make informed decisions about where to implement corrective weights.

Understanding the difference between static and dynamic balancing is vital for professionals in fields that require precision balancing of rotating equipment. While static balancing can resolve imbalance issues when machinery is not in motion, dynamic balancing is crucial for ongoing operations. Each type of balancing serves its unique purpose, and applying both appropriately ensures optimal performance and longevity of mechanical systems.

In summary, static balancing is an integral aspect of machinery maintenance and operation. By aligning the center of gravity with the axis of rotation, industries can mitigate vibrations caused by static unbalance, enhancing the efficiency and safety of their equipment. The process involves careful measurement, strategic adjustments, and thorough testing, underscoring its importance in maintaining the smooth functioning of a wide array of machines. Anyone involved in mechanical maintenance or engineering should gain proficiency in static balancing, as it substantially contributes to operational excellence and equipment reliability.

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